| Present Subjunctive | Present stem + subjunctive vowel + endings e.g. amem, moneam, regam, audiam, sim | Action simultaneous or future relative to main verb | Venio ut videam. I come so that I may see. | Tam stultus est ut rideas. He is so foolish that you laugh. | Si veniat, gaudeam. If he should come, I would rejoice. | Present time, potential or purpose still in progress. Often translated with “may / should.” |
| Imperfect Subjunctive | Infinitive + personal endings e.g. amarem, monerem, regerem, audirem, essem | Action simultaneous with or after a past main verb | Veni ut viderem. I came so that I might see. | Tam stultus erat ut rideres. He was so foolish that you laughed. | Si veniret, gauderem. If he were to come, I would rejoice. | Past sequence; hypothetical or contrary-to-fact in present time. Common after past main verbs. |
| Perfect Subjunctive | Perfect stem + -erim, -eris, -erit… e.g. amaverim, monuerim, rexerim, audiverim, fuerim | Action completed before the main verb (present time) | Timeo ne venerit. I fear that he has come. | Tam celer fuit ut pervenerit. He was so swift that he reached it. | Si venerit, gaudeo. If he has come, I rejoice. | Used for completed or recent action in subordinate clauses referring to the present. Common in primary sequence. |
| Pluperfect Subjunctive | Perfect stem + -issem, -isses, -isset… e.g. amavissem, monuissem, rexissem, audivissem, fuissem | Action completed before a past main verb | Veneram ut videres quid fecissem. I had come that you might see what I had done. | Tam stultus fuit ut rideres si vidisses. He was so foolish that you would have laughed if you had seen. | Si venisset, gavisus essem. If he had come, I would have rejoiced. | Past sequence; contrary-to-fact in the past. Often corresponds to English “had… would have…” constructions. |