A comparative overview of nineteenth-century Europe, examining how Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal followed different paths through industrialisation, revolution, nationalism, social change and the growth of the modern state.
Teaching is often presented as a helping profession, but goodwill is not enough. A classroom is not the army, but neither is it a therapy circle. This article argues that prospective teachers need more than method, empathy, and good lesson plans: they need the temperament to exercise authority, enforce standards, and make teaching possible.