History & Ideas

The Architecture of Language: From Aristotle to Artificial Intelligence

The Seven Parts of Speech The familiar seven parts of speech — noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection — have a lineage stretching back over two millennia. Their origins lie in the work of Dionysius Thrax (c. 170–90 BCE), whose Téchnē Grammatikē (The Art of Grammar) classified Greek words into eight categories. The …

The Politics of Knowing: Identity, Trust, and Power in the Modern State

Across Europe, the act of knowing the citizen has become a test of power.
These three essays trace how identity moved from the census to the classroom, from the passport to the algorithm. Germany counts precisely; Britain hesitates to count at all. Yet both reveal the same unease — that the more the state tries to know its people, the more it risks losing their trust. Counting Strangers, The British Fear of Being Known, and From Card to Code follow that uneasy journey from bureaucratic record to digital surveillance, asking what remains of freedom when knowledge itself becomes a form of control.

A New Understanding of Belief

For centuries, religion has offered meaning and comfort, but also control. Today many still hunger for faith, yet find the old stories impossible to believe. This short reflection asks whether we can keep what was best in religion — compassion, courage, and care — without pretending to accept what no longer persuades reason. It argues that meaning, not miracle, must become the new ground of faith.

Patrick Pearse’s “The Fool” (1915)

When Simon Webb recently quoted Pearse’s lines — “Tara is grass, and behold how Troy lieth low…” — he did so to mourn what he sees as the slow decay of Western culture. In that sense, Pearse’s poem has proved truly prophetic, for its vision reaches far beyond Ireland: it speaks to the mortality of all empires and the melancholy knowledge that no civilisation, however noble, endures forever. Yet where Webb sees decline, Pearse discerned renewal — the passing of one order making way for another. His “fool” is not the cynic who despairs, but the dreamer who dares to hope that through loss something sacred may still be born.

What we are capable of – Erwin Schulfoff (1894–1942)

 Erwin Schulhoff (1894–1942) was a Czech composer and pianist known for his distinctive blend of classical, jazz, and avant-garde styles. He was born in Prague and was of Jewish descent. His career was tragically cut short by the rise of Nazi Germany; declared a “degenerate” artist, he was later arrested and deported to a concentration camp, where he died in 1942. Schulhoff’s music, rediscovered posthumously, remains a testament to his innovative spirit and resilience amid persecution.